Resumo Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os pacientes com transtorno bipolar (TB), seus familiares de primeiro grau e um grupo de controles saudáveis em termos de uso de estratégias adaptativas e não adaptativas, explorando diferenças entre tipos específicos de estratégias e suas correlações com variáveis clínicas. Métodos: Estudo transversal, envolvendo 36 pacientes com TB eutímicos, 39 familiares de primeiro grau e 44 controles. As estratégias de enfrentamento foram avaliadas usando a escala Brief COPE. Resultados: Foram detectadas diferenças significativas no uso de estratégias adaptativas e não adaptativas por pacientes, seus familiares e controles. Os pacientes usaram estratégias adaptativas com menos frequência do que os familiares (p<0,001) e controles (p=0,003). Não houve diferença significativa entre familiares dos pacientes e controles (p=0,707). Por outro lado, os pacientes (p<0,001) e seus familiares (p=0,004) exibiram pontuações mais elevadas para coping não adaptativo em relação aos controles. Não houve diferença significativa quando os pacientes foram comparados com seus familiares (p=0,517). Conclusões: Familiares de primeiro grau estavam em um nível intermediário entre pacientes com TB e controles no que diz respeito ao uso de habilidades de enfrentamento. Esta descoberta apoia o desenvolvimento de intervenções psicossociais para incentivar o uso de estratégias adaptativas em vez de estratégias inadequadas nessa população.

Abstract Introduction: The objective of this study was to compare patients with bipolar disorder (BD), their first-degree relatives and a group of healthy controls in terms of use of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies, exploring differences between specific types of strategies and their correlations with clinical variables. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study enrolling 36 euthymic patients with BD, 39 of their first-degree relatives and 44 controls. Coping strategies were assessed using the Brief COPE scale. Results: Significant differences were detected in the use of adaptive and maladaptive strategies by patients, their first-degree relatives and controls. Patients used adaptive strategies less often than the patients’ relatives (p<0.001) and controls (p = 0.003). There was no significant difference between first-degree relatives and controls (p=0.707). In contrast, patients (p<0.001) and their relatives (p=0.004) both exhibited higher scores for maladaptive coping than controls. There was no significant difference regarding the use of maladaptive strategies between patients and their relatives (p=0.517). Conclusions: First-degree relatives were at an intermediate level between patients with BD and controls regarding the use of coping skills. This finding supports the development of psychosocial interventions to encourage use of adaptive strategies rather than maladaptive strategies in this population.

Resumo Introdução: O transtorno de estresse agudo (TEA) reúne um conjunto de sintomas que pode surgir nos indivíduos após exposição a um evento traumático. Este estudo verificou a relação entre o estilo defensivo e o desenvolvimento de TEA e seus sintomas em uma amostra de pacientes que sofreram trauma físico. Métodos: Este estudo transversal controlado envolveu 146 pacientes que sofreram trauma físico e necessitaram hospitalização. Um questionário estruturado foi utilizado para avaliar sintomas de TEA, baseado nos critérios diagnósticos do DSM-5, além do Questionário de Estilo Defensivo (Defense Style Questionnaire - DSQ). Resultados: Dez (6,85%) pacientes tiveram diagnóstico positivo para TEA, e 136 (93,15%), diagnóstico negativo. A maioria da amostra foi composta por homens com idade mediana variando de 33,50 a 35,50. Nos 10 pacientes positivos para TEA, destacou-se a maior utilização de mecanismos de defesa de anulação e desvalorização, pertencentes ao fator neurótico e ao fator imaturo, respectivamente. Foram observadas associações positivas entre presença de sintomas de TEA do critério B do DSM-5 e os mecanismos de defesa do DSQ, sobretudo nos mecanismos de anulação, projeção, agressão passiva, acting out, fantasia autística, deslocamento e somatização. Conclusão: Pacientes com TEA utilizaram mais mecanismos de defesa do tipo anulação e desvalorização quando comparados aos pacientes sem diagnóstico de TEA. Ressalta-se a importância da detecção precoce de sintomas de TEA a fim de evitar outros agravos relacionados ao trauma, o que representa uma importante evolução em termos de saúde pública.

Abstract Introduction: Acute stress disorder (ASD) encompasses a set of symptoms that can arise in individuals after exposure to a traumatic event. This study assessed the defense mechanisms used by victims of physical trauma who developed ASD. Method: This was a controlled cross-sectional study of 146 patients who suffered physical trauma and required hospitalization. A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate ASD symptoms based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, in addition to the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ). Results: Ten participants (6.85%) received a positive diagnosis of ASD, and 136, (93.15%) a negative diagnosis. The majority of the sample consisted of men with median age ranging from 33.50 to 35.50. The most prevalent defense mechanisms among the 10 patients with ASD were cancellation and devaluation, which belong to the neurotic and immature factors, respectively. Positive associations between the presence of symptoms from criterion B of the DSM-5 and defense mechanisms from the DSQ were found. These included the mechanisms of undoing, projection, passive aggression, acting out, autistic fantasy, displacement, and somatization. Conclusion: Patients with ASD employed different defense mechanisms such as undoing and devaluation when compared to patients not diagnosed with ASD. These results mark the importance of early detection of ASD symptoms at a preventative level, thereby creating new possibilities for avoiding exacerbations related to the trauma, which represents an important advance in terms of public health.

Objectives: To compare levels of a marker of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in umbilical cord blood (UCB) between newborns exposed to crack/cocaine in utero (exposed newborns [EN], n=57) and non-exposed newborns (NEN, n=99), as well as in maternal peripheral blood at delivery. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Potential confounders, including perinatal parameters, psychopathology, and use of other substances, were assessed. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, adjusted mean BDNF was significantly higher in EN (3.86 ng/mL, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 2.29-5.43) than in NEN (0.85 ng/mL, 95%CI 0.47-1.23; p < 0.001; Cohen effect size: 1.12), and significantly lower in crack/cocaine mothers than in control mothers (4.03 ng/mL, 95%CI 2.87-5.18 vs. 6.67 ng/mL, 95%CI 5.60-7.74; p = 0.006). The adjusted mean TBARS level was significantly lower in EN (63.97 µM MDA, 95%CI 39.43-88.50) than NEN (177.04 µM MDA, 95%CI 140.93-213.14; p < 0.001; effect size = 0.84), with no difference between mother groups (p = 0.86). Conclusions: The changes in TBARS levels observed in EN suggest that fetuses exposed to cocaine mobilize endogenous antioxidant routes since very early stages of development. The increase in BDNF levels in EN might indicate changes in fetal development, whereas the changes in BDNF levels in mothers provide evidence of the complex metabolic processes involved in drug use during pregnancy.

Introdução A exposição pré-natal à cocaína está associada a problemas neurocomportamentais durante a infância e adolescência. A ativação precoce da resposta inflamatória pode contribuir para tais alterações. Nosso objetivo foi comparar marcadores inflamatórios (IL-6 e IL-10) no sangue do cordão umbilical e no sangue periférico materno na hora do parto, entre recém-nascidos expostos ao crack intraútero e recém-nascidos não expostos. Métodos Neste estudo transversal, 57 recém-nascidos expostos ao crack intraútero (RNE) e 99 recém-nascidos não expostos (RNNE) foram comparados quanto aos níveis de IL-6 e IL-10. Dados sociodemográficos e perinatais, psicopatologia materna, consumo de nicotina e outras substâncias foram sistematicamente coletados em casos e controles. Resultados Após o ajuste para potenciais confundidores, a média de IL-6 foi significativamente maior nos RNE em comparação aos RNNE [10.208,54, intervalo de confiança (IC95%) 1.328,54-19.088,55 versus2.323,03, IC95% 1.484,64-3.161,21; p = 0,007; modelo linear generalizado (MLG)]. A média ajustada de IL-10 foi significativamente maior nos RNE do que nos RNNE (432,2189, IC95% 51,44-812,88 versus 75,52, IC95% 5,64-145,39, p = 0,014; MLG). Medidas pós-parto ajustadas de IL-6 foram significativamente maiores nas mães que usaram de crack/cocaína (25.160,05, IC95% 10.958,15-39.361,99 versus 8.902,14, IC95% 5.774,97-12.029,32; p = 0,007; MLG), sem diferenças significativas para IL-10. Não houve correlação entre níveis maternos e neonatais de citocinas (teste de Spearman, p ≥ 0,28 para todas as medidas). Conclusões IL-6 e IL-10 podem ser biomarcadores precoces da exposição pré-natal a cocaína em recém-nascidos. Esses resultados podem ajudar a elucidar as vias neurobiológicas subjacentes a alterações do desenvolvimento e aumentar a gama de possibilidades para intervenção precoce.

Introduction Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is associated with neurobehavioral problems during childhood and adolescence. Early activation of the inflammatory response may contribute to such changes. Our aim was to compare inflammatory markers (IL-6 and IL-10) both in umbilical cord blood and in maternal peripheral blood at delivery between newborns with history of crack/cocaine exposure in utero and non-exposed newborns. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 57 newborns with a history of crack/cocaine exposure in utero (EN) and 99 non-exposed newborns (NEN) were compared for IL-6 and IL-10 levels. Sociodemographic and perinatal data, maternal psychopathology, consumption of nicotine and other substances were systematically collected in cases and controls. Results After adjusting for potential confounders, mean IL-6 was significantly higher in EN than in NEN (10,208.54, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1,328.54-19,088.55 vs. 2,323.03, 95%CI 1,484.64-3,161.21; p = 0.007; generalized linear model [GLM]). Mean IL-10 was also significantly higher in EN than in NEN (432.22, 95%CI 51.44-812.88 vs. 75.52, 95%CI 5.64-145.39, p = 0.014; GLM). Adjusted postpartum measures of IL-6 were significantly higher in mothers with a history of crack/cocaine use (25,160.05, 95%CI 10,958.15-39,361.99 vs. 8,902.14, 95%CI 5,774.97-12,029.32; p = 0.007; GLM), with no significant differences for IL-10. There was no correlation between maternal and neonatal cytokine levels (Spearman test, p ≥ 0.28 for all measures). Conclusions IL-6 and IL-10 might be early biomarkers of PCE in newborns. These findings could help to elucidate neurobiological pathways underlying neurodevelopmental changes and broaden the range of possibilities for early intervention.

Objectives:Staging models for medical diseases are widely used to guide treatment and prognosis. Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic condition and it is among the most disabling disorders in medicine. The staging model proposed by Kapczinski in 2009 presents four progressive clinical stages of BD. Our aim was to evaluate pharmacological maintenance treatment across these stages in patients with BD.Methods:One hundred and twenty-nine subjects who met DSM-IV criteria for BD were recruited from the Bipolar Disorders Program at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. All patients were in remission. The subjects were classified according to the staging model: 31 subjects were classified as stage I, 44 as stage II, 31 as stage III, and 23 as stage IV.Results:Patterns of pharmacological treatment differed among the four stages (p = 0.001). Monotherapy was more frequent in stage I, and two-drug combinations in stage II. Patients at stages III and IV needed three or more medications or clozapine. Impairment in functional status (Functioning Assessment Short Test [FAST] scale scores) correlated positively with the number of medications prescribed.Conclusions:This study demonstrated differences in pharmacological treatment in patients with stable BD depending on disease stage. Treatment response can change with progression of BD. Clinical guidelines could consider the staging model to guide treatment effectiveness.

Objective:Mental disorders and early trauma are highly prevalent in female inmates. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in learning, memory processes, and mood regulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum BDNF levels and mental disorders among imprisoned women as compared with age- and education-matched controls.Methods:A consecutively recruited sample of 18 female prisoners with mental disorders was assessed for sociodemographic, criminal, and clinical variables using standardized instruments, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus (MINI Plus), and serum BDNF levels.Results:High rates of childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were found in the group of forensic patients. Serum BDNF levels in the forensic group did not differ from those of healthy controls, and were significantly higher when compared with those of women with mental disorders hospitalized in a general hospital.Conclusion:Elevated serum BDNF levels were found in imprisoned women. The results of this study may suggest neurobiological mechanisms similar to those seen in previous clinical and preclinical studies showing the involvement of BDNF in the pathophysiology of PTSD.

Objective: In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects of repeated D-amphetamine (AMPH) exposure, a well-accepted animal model of acute mania in bipolar disorder (BD), and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors on locomotor behavior and HDAC activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of rats. Moreover, we aimed to assess brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein and mRNA levels in these samples. Methods: We treated adult male Wistar rats with 2 mg/kg AMPH or saline intraperitoneally for 14 days. Between the 8th and 14th days, rats also received 47.5 mg/kg lithium (Li), 200 mg/kg sodium valproate (VPT), 2 mg/kg sodium butyrate (SB), or saline. We evaluated locomotor activity in the open-field task and assessed HDAC activity in the PFC and PBMCs, and BDNF levels in the PFC and plasma. Results: AMPH significantly increased locomotor activity, which was reversed by all drugs. This hyperactivity was associated with increased HDAC activity in the PFC, which was partially reversed by Li, VPT, and SB. No differences were found in BDNF levels. Conclusion: Repeated AMPH administration increases HDAC activity in the PFC without altering BDNF levels. The partial reversal of HDAC increase by Li, VPT, and SB may account for their ability to reverse AMPH-induced hyperactivity.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO:Estudos de caso-controle são importantes no desenvolvimento do conhecimento clínico e de saúde pública. O STROBE statement (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational Studies in Epidemiology) foi criado para estabelecer uma lista de itens que devem estar presentes na descrição de estudos observacionais. Nosso objetivo é analisar a adequação de artigos caso-controle psiquiátricos publicados em periódicos brasileiros Qualis B1/B2 CAPES em 2009 utilizando o STROBE statement.TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL:Estudo descritivo de artigos em psiquiatria publicados por periódicos brasileiros, realizado no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Psiquiatria, na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.MÉTODOS:Todos os estudos de caso-controle psiquiátricos em revistas brasileiras Qualis B1/B2 de psiquiatria, neurologia e saúde pública em 2009 foram analisados. Os quatro itens mais específicos do STROBE statement foram utilizados para avaliar se os estudos se ajustavam aos parâmetros de caso-controle: 1) seleção de casos e controles, 2) controle de vieses, 3) análise estatística e 4) apresentação dos resultados.RESULTADOS:Dezesseis estudos de caso-controle foram identificados, 68,75% (11) deles de periódicos de psiquiatria. Após a análise com base no STROBE statement, todos os artigos adequavam-se ao item 1; 12,5% (2) adequavam-se completamente ao item 2; nenhum ajustava-se completamente ao item 3; e somente 18,8% (3) estavam adequados em relação ao item 4.CONCLUSÃO:Os estudos de caso-controle avaliados aqui não se adequaram completamente aos quatro itens do STROBE statement para o desenho de caso-controle. Tendo em vista a inadequada metodologia dos estudos publicados, os achados justificam direcionar-se o foco para a pesquisa e metodologia, aumentando a investigação da adesão dos estudos aos seus desenhos.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:Case-control studies are important in developing clinical and public health knowledge. The STROBE statement (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational Studies in Epidemiology) was developed to establish a checklist of items that should be included in articles reporting observational studies. Our aim was to analyze whether the psychiatric case-control articles published in Brazilian journals with CAPES Qualis rating B1/B2 in 2009 conformed with the STROBE statement.DESIGN AND SETTING:Descriptive study on psychiatric papers published in Brazilian journals, within the Postgraduate Medical Program on Psychiatry, at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.METHODS:All psychiatric case-control studies from Brazilian Qualis B1/B2 journals of psychiatry, neurology and public health in 2009 were analyzed. The four most specific items of the STROBE statement were used to evaluate whether these studies fitted within the case-control parameters: 1) selection of cases and controls; 2) controlling for bias; 3) statistical analysis; and 4) presentation of results.RESULTS:Sixteen case-control studies were identified, of which eleven (68.75%) were in psychiatry-focused journals. From analysis using the STROBE statement, all of the articles conformed with item 1; two (12.5%) completely conformed with item 2; none completely conformed with item 3; and only three (18.8%) conformed with item 4.CONCLUSION:The case-control studies analyzed here did not completely conform with the four STROBE statement items for case-control design. In view of the inadequate methodology of the published studies, these findings justify focusing on research and methodology and expanding the investigations on adherence of studies to their designs.

Objective: High cardiovascular mortality rates have been reported in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Studies indicate that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in cardiovascular diseases. We evaluated the expression pattern of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in blood from patients with BD during acute mania and after euthymia, in comparison with healthy controls. Methods: Twenty patients and 20 controls were recruited and matched for sex and age. MMP messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated for all subjects. Results: There were no significant differences in MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression between patients and controls. mRNA levels were not significantly different during mania and euthymia. However, MMP-2 mRNA levels were negatively associated with BMI in BD patients and positively associated with BMI in controls. There was no difference in the pattern of MMP-9 expression between patients and controls. Conclusions: Our results suggest a different pattern of association between MMP-2 and BMI in BD patients as compared with controls. Despite some study limitations, we believe that the role of MMPs in BD should be further investigated to elucidate its relationship with cardiovascular risk.

Objective: To evaluate serum levels of different biomarkers associated with cardiovascular disease in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Patients were prospectively evaluated in two separate instances: during acute mania and after remission of manic symptoms. All measurements were compared with those of healthy controls. Methods: The study included 30 patients with BD and 30 healthy controls, matched for gender and age. Biochemical parameters evaluated included homocysteine (Hcy), folic acid, vitamin B12, ferritin, creatine kinase (CK) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results: Hcy levels were significantly higher in the BD patients, both during mania and after achieving euthymia. When Hcy was adjusted for body mass index, there was no significant difference between patients and controls. Ferritin was the only marker that showed a significant decrease during mania when compared to both euthymic patients and controls. There were no significant differences for folate, vitamin B12, CK and CRP. Conclusions: These findings do not show an association between alterations of markers of cardiovascular risk during manic episodes. Further studies are necessary to determine factors and mechanisms associated with cardiovascular risk in patients with BD.

OBJETIVO: Pesquisas sugerem as citocinas como potenciais mediadores da interação entre os sistemas imune e neuroendócrino, e que existe um estado pró-inflamatório associado com transtorno bipolar e esquizofrenia. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar os níveis de citocinas entre os dois distúrbios. MÉTODO: Vinte pacientes com transtorno bipolar eutímicos, 53 pacientes com esquizofrenia cronicamente estabilizados e 80 controles saudáveis foram recrutados. Todos os indivíduos são não-fumantes e não-obesos. As citocinas TNF-α, IL-6 e IL-10 foram examinadas por ELISA sanduíche. RESULTADOS: A IL-6 estava aumentada nos pacientes com esquizofrenia quando comparados aos controles (p < 0,0001) e aos pacientes bipolares eutímicos (p < 0,0001). Os níveis de IL-6 não foram diferentes nos controles em comparação com pacientes com transtorno bipolar eutímicos (p = 0,357). Os níveis de IL-10 foram menores nos controles quando comparados aos esquizofrenia (p = 0,001) ou aos bipolares (p = 0,004). Não houve diferença significativa nos níveis séricos de TNF-α entre os grupos (p = 0,284). A separação por sexo não mostrou diferenças significativas e não houve correlação entre a dose de antipsicóticos e os níveis de citocinas em pacientes com esquizofrenia. DISCUSSÃO: Estes resultados evidenciam uma ativação imune crônica na esquizofrenia. O transtorno bipolar parece apresentar um aumento da atividade inflamatória relacionado ao episódio de humor. Níveis maiores de IL-10 no transtorno bipolar e esquizofrenia sugerem diferentes padrões de equilíbrio inflamatório entre esses dois transtornos. Resultados fornecem apoio adicional para a investigação de citocinas como possíveis biomarcadores para a atividade da doença ou resposta ao tratamento.

OBJECTIVE: Previous reports suggest that cytokines act as potential mediators of the interaction between the immune and neuroendocrine systems, and that a proinflammatory state may be associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The aim is to compare cytokine levels in both disorders. METHOD: Twenty euthymic bipolar disorder patients, 53 chronic stabilized schizophrenia patients and 80 healthy controls were recruited. Subjects were all non-smokers and non-obese. Cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were examined by sandwich ELISA. RESULTS: IL-6 levels were increased in schizophrenia patients when compared to controls (p < 0.0001) and euthymic bipolar disorder patients (p < 0.0001). IL-6 levels were no different in controls compared to euthymic bipolar disorder patients (p = 0.357). IL-10 was lower in controls compared to schizophrenia patients (p = 0.001) or to bipolar disorder patients (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference in TNF-α serum levels among the groups (p = 0.284). Gender-based classification did not significantly alter these findings, and no correlation was found between the antipsychotic dose administered and cytokine levels in patients with schizophrenia. DISCUSSION: These findings evidence a chronic immune activation in schizophrenia. Bipolar disorder seems to present an episode-related inflammatory syndrome. Increased anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia suggests different patterns of inflammatory balance between these two disorders. Results further support the need to investigate cytokines as possible biomarkers of disease activity or treatment response.

CONTEXTO: O transtorno bipolar (TB) está associado a uma significativa morbi-mortalidade por causas metabólicas. Existem poucos dados sobre a prevalência de resistência à insulina (RI) e sua relação com a síndrome metabólica (SM) em pacientes com TB. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de RI e SM em pacientes bipolares ambulatoriais e identificar os parâmetros clínicos associados à RI. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal em 65 pacientes com TB diagnosticados pelos critérios do DSM-IV-TR, avaliados de forma consecutiva no Programa de Transtorno Bipolar do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil. RI foi diagnosticada utilizando o homeostatic model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) e a SM foi diagnosticada utilizando três definições diferentes: do National Cholesterol Educational Program - Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III); do NCEP-ATP III modificado e da International Diabetes Federation (IDF). RESULTADOS: A prevalência de RI foi 43,1% (mulheres 40%, homens 44,4%). A prevalência de SM definida pelo NCEP ATP III foi 32,3%, pelo NCEP ATP III foi 40% e pela IDF foi 41,5%. Os critérios do NCEP ATP III modificado demonstrou a melhor relação entre sensibilidade (78,6%) e especificidade (89,2%) na detecção de RI. A circunferência da cintura foi o parâmetro clínico mais associado à RI. CONCLUSÃO: As definições atuais de SM podem identificar, com razoável sensibilidade e especificidade, RI em pacientes com TB. A obesidade abdominal é bastante associada à RI nessa população de pacientes.

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality from metabolic diseases. There is a paucity of data regarding insulin resistance (IR) and its relationship with the metabolic syndrome (MS) in bipolar patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of both IR and MS in BD outpatients and to assess clinical criteria associated with IR. METHOD: Cross-sectional study in 65 DSM-IV-TR BD patients consecutively assessed at the Bipolar Disorder Program at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre , Brazil. IR was diagnosed by the homeostatic model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and MS was diagnosed using three different definitions: National Cholesterol Educational Program - Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III); NCEP-ATP III modified criteria and International Diabetes Federation. RESULTS: IR was present in 43.1% of the sample (women 40%, men 44.4%). The prevalence of MS defined by the NCEP-ATP III criteria was 32.3%, NCEP-ATP III modified was 40% and IDF was 41.5%. NCEP-ATP III modified criteria showed the best trade-off between sensitivity (78.6%) and specificity (89.2%) to detect insulin resistance. Waist circumference was the clinical parameter most associated with IR. DISCUSSION: Current MS criteria may provide reasonable sensitivity and specificity for the detection of IR in BD patients. Abdominal obesity is closely related to IR in this patient population.

OBJETIVO: O transtorno bipolar é responsável por importante parcela do prejuízo funcional ao redor do mundo. Um efeito independente do transtorno bipolar e da idade no funcionamento ainda não foi demonstrado. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do transtorno bipolar no prejuízo funcional relacionado à idade, com controles pareados como padrão. MÉTODO: Cem pacientes com transtorno bipolar e controles pareados foram avaliados para incapacidade. Efeitos relacionados à idade, com controle para confundidores, foram investigados. RESULTADOS: Pacientes tiveram significativamente mais prejuízo que controles. A regressão mostrou efeito para a idade em ambos os grupos, e o efeito foi significativamente mais forte nos pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: O transtorno bipolar foi um importante modificador de efeito no impacto da idade no funcionamento. Enquanto um desenho de estudo longitudinal é necessário para efetivamente demonstrar este impacto diferencial, este estudo caracteriza o transtorno bipolar como uma doença crônica e incapacitante.

OBJECTIVE: Although bipolar disorder is a major contributor to functional impairment worldwide, an independent impact of bipolar disorder and ageing on functioning has yet to be demonstrated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of bipolar disorder on age-related functional status using matched controls as a standard. METHOD: One-hundred patients with bipolar disorder and matched controls were evaluated for disability. Age-related effects controlled for confounders were cross-sectionally evaluated. RESULTS: Patients were significantly more impaired than controls. Regression showed effects for aging in both groups. The effect, size, however, was significantly stronger in patients. CONCLUSION: Bipolar disorder was an important effect modifier of the age impact on functioning. While a longitudinal design is needed to effectively demonstrate this different impact, this study further depicts bipolar disorder as a chronic and progressively impairing illness.

O Transtorno do Humor Bipolar é caracterizando pela alternância de crises depressivas com episódios de mania ou euforia, tendo estes pacientes 15-35 vezes mais chances de suicídio em comparação com pessoas sem este transtorno. A farmacoterapia é fundamental, visando diminuir a freqüência dos episódios e a gravidade da doença. Nestes pacientes, a polifarmácia tem aumentado ultimamente e uma das maiores dificuldades é a adesão ao tratamento. O objetivo do estudo foi contribuir para a melhoria das condições de saúde de pacientes bipolares, realizando o acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico dos mesmos. Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 28 pacientes bipolares adultos, participantes de um ambulatório especializado de um hospital terciário em Porto Alegre e aplicado o Método Dáder de acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico. As co-morbidades clínicas mais comuns foram: hipertensão (50%), obesidade (46,43%) e hipotiroidismo (39,29%). Os pacientes bipolares são mais suscetíveis a co-morbidades clínicas e muitas destas podem ser devidas a farmacoterapia. Apenas 1,43% dos pacientes apresentavam Problemas Relacionados a Medicamentos, sendo todos solucionados no decorrer do estudo. Também se observou que 32,14% dos pacientes avaliados apresentavam baixa adesão ao tratamento e entre estes, 55,56% passaram a ter boa adesão após o acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico. É fundamental para a melhoria da saúde do paciente o acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico. Novos estudos, com maior número de pacientes e maior duração, são necessários para avaliar o percentual de pacientes que poderão ser beneficiados pela Atenção Farmacêutica.

The Bipolar Mood Disorder is characterized by the alternation of depressive crises with episodes of mania or euphoria, having these patients 15 to 35 times more chances of suicide, as compared with people without this disorder. The pharmacotherapy is fundamental for this disease, aiming to decrease the frequency of episodes and disease severity. In these patients, the polypharmacy has recently increased and one of the main difficulties is the adherence to treatment. The objective of this study was to contribute for the improvement of bipolar patients health conditions, developing their respective pharmacotherapeutic follow-up. Twenty eight adult bipolar patients who were participants of a specialized clinic within a tertiary hospital in Porto Alegre have been randomly selected, and the Dader Method of pharmacotherapeutic follow-up has been applied. The more common clinical comorbidities were: hypertension (50%), obesity (46.43%), and hypothyroidism (36.29%). The bipolar patients are more susceptible to clinical comorbidities, and many of them could be due to pharmacotherapy. Only 1.43% of patients presented Drug Related Problems, being all of them resolved along the study. It was also observed that 32.14% of evaluated patients presented low adherence to treatment, and between these patients, 55.56% passed to have good adherence after pharmacotherapeutic follow-up. The pharmacotherapeutic follow-up is fundamental for the improvement of patient's health. New studies, with higher number of patients and longer duration, are necessary to evaluate the percentage of patients that could be beneficiary of Pharmaceutical Care.